Judith Gautier’s training in Chinese language and culture (1863–1905)

Judith Gautier’s training in the language and culture of China took place entirely in France. The beginning of her learning was ensured by her Chinese tutor, under whose guidance she gradually began to master writing and reading Chinese books. She then maintained good relations with Chinese ambassadors in France. Her training was thus perfected through her exchanges with Chinese envoys, several of whom became her friends.