Jeremy Naïm
andFrançois Vanoosthuyse

Foreword   517

Olivier Bara

How does one become a vaudevillian?    525

Gabrielle Melison-Hirchwald

How does one become a writer without a baccalauréat?    537

Marceau Levin

Do people become journalists because they failed their studies?    549

Hélène Spengler
and François Vanoosthuyse

Henri Beyle at the Republican School (1796–1799)    561

Toru Hatakeyama

Baudelaire and the Leçons françaises de littérature et de morale by Noël and Delaplace   573

Yvan Leclerc

He was studying... Flaubert at the Collège Royal de Rouen   585

Mathilde Bertrand

A “professor of ­beauty”: The role of Robert de Montesquiou in training Marcel Proust    599

Violaine François

The school of the Hydropathes: Training on and by the stage    613

Henri Scepi

Jules Laforgue between “­instinct” and “reflection,” or how to be untrained    627

Yichao Shi

Judith ­Gautier ’ s training in Chinese language and ­culture (1863–1905)    639

Anna Krykun

­The school for women writers in the last thirty years of the nineteenth century   651

Laurène Haslé

The theater ­director ’ s office and the training of playwrights: The example of Adolphe Lemoine-Montigny    663

Arnaud Verret

A ­writer ’ s training: The study of a feature of ­Zola ’ s correspondence    675

Olivier Lumbroso

The novel of the ­writer ’ s training : The case of Zola    685

Laurent Angard

From dreams to nightmares in the work of Alexandre Dumas, or “All dreams are ­lies”    701

    719

    739

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

    751

IN MEMORIAM

Alain Génetiot

Marc Fumaroli (1932-2020)   753

    759